Integrated Exposure and Algal Ecotoxicological Assessments of Effluents from Secondary and Advanced-Tertiary Wastewater-Treatment Plants.

The great concern over the environmental impact of wastewaters has led to the designing of advanced treatment processes to upgrade conventional treatment plants and achieve a significant reduction of contaminants in receiving waters. In the present study we combined chemical and ecotoxicological analyses, aiming to evaluate the reduction of toxicity effects associated with the removal of micropollutants and to define the contribution of the detected compounds to the overall toxicity of the mixtures in a series of wastewater effluents collected from a secondary treatment (OUT 2) and from a tertiary activated carbon treatment (OUT 3) plant. The target compounds were selected after a screening procedure among pharmaceuticals, musk fragrances, and trace metals. The classical algal growth inhibition test was conducted on the original effluent samples and on different fractions obtained by solid-phase extraction (SPE) treatment. A good accordance was found between the removal of toxicity (30%-80%) and organic compounds (70%-80%) after the tertiary treatment, suggesting its high efficiency to improve the wastewater quality. The discrepancy between the contribution to the overall toxicity of the nonadsorbable compounds (i.e., inorganic or very polar organic compounds) as experimentally measured by the SPE bioassays (18%-76%) and calculated by the concentration addition approach (>97%) could be mitigated by including the bioavailability correction in metal-toxicity modeling of wastewater mixtures. For the organic compounds, the toxic equivalency method enabled us to quantify the portion of toxicity explained by the detected chemicals in both OUT 2 (82%-104%) and OUT 3 (5%-57%), validating the selection of the target molecules. The applied integrating approach could be implemented by the inclusion of both additional target chemicals and toxicity endpoints. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2404-2419. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Biphasic hemodynamic effects of LDL-apheresis in common carotid artery.

OBJECTIVE: Heparin-induced Extracorporeal Low Density Lipoprotein Precipitation (HELP) Apheresis gives beneficial reductions in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels; otherwise, extracorporeal circulation settings might elicit inflammation and platelet aggregation. The net effect of these variations on carotid hemodynamic has not been established. Aim of the present study was to investigate periprocedural variations of common carotid artery wall shear stress, circumferential wall tension, and Peterson's elastic modulus. METHODS: Measurements were sequentially performed on 22 procedures: immediately before apheresis (T1), within one hour after (T2), after 24 (T3) and 48 hours (T4). In order to confirm acute effects, in additional 30 procedures measurements were performed at T1 and T2. RESULTS: Mean shear stress was decreased at T2, with an improvement at T4. Mean circumferential wall tension showed an improvement at T4; arterial stiffness showed the same trend, but only close to statistical significance. The following 30 procedures, where measurements were performed at T1 and T2 only, confirmed previous results, showing a deep wall shear stress decrease at T2 (-21%). CONCLUSION: LDL apheresis seems to have a biphasic effect on common carotid hemodynamics: the acute worsening of shear stress, probably mediated by extracorporeal circulation, was followed by its improvement, possibly driven by LDL cholesterol reduction.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts cardiac events or death in asymptomatic patients long-term after heart transplantation: 4-year prospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains the major cause of death after cardiac transplantation during long-term follow-up. Nevertheless, annual angiographic evaluation is difficult to perform routinely. We evaluated the value of clinical risk factors and non-invasive testing for cardiac allograft vasculopathy in predicting cardiac events or death in asymptomatic patients with normal ventricular function during long-term follow-up after heart transplantation. METHODS: We studied 39 patients, mean aged 48 +/- 13 years, at 86 +/- 31 months after heart transplantation. Patients underwent thallium scintigraphy, treadmill stress testing, dobutamine stress echocardiography, and angiography to detect CAV. We prospectively observed all patients an additional 4 years for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or death. RESULTS: Angiography detected CAV in 15 patients (38%). Three patients had acute myocardial infarction and another 7 had congestive heart failure, representing 25% of cardiac events during the study period. Nine deaths (23%) occurred during the same observation time. Univariate analysis showed that increased body mass index, positive dobutamine stress echocardiography results, and positive angiography results were associated significantly with cardiac events or death during follow-up. In the absence of coronary angiography, stepwise logistic regression identified positive dobutamine echocardiography results as the unique independent predictor of cardiac events (p = 0.001) or death (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Cardiac events and death after heart transplantation increased during long-term follow-up of this population. However, dobutamine stress echocardiography is well tolerated and, in the absence of routine angiographic evaluation, may be a strong predictor of these events.

Methotrexate in acute persistent humoral rejection: an option for graft rescue.

Humoral response emerges as an important component in acute graft rejection and a new challenge to clinicians in posttransplant care. Management of recurrent episodes and persistent activation of the humoral component of the immune system, despite the usual therapeutic approach to rejection, remains unknown. This article describes the successful use of methotrexate as an option for rescuing a graft in this worrisome situation.

Can the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test reproduce the usual activities of patients with heart failure?

OBJECTIVE: The 6-minute walk test is an way of assessing exercise capacity and predicting survival in heart failure. The 6-minute walk test was suggested to be similar to that of daily activities. We investigated the effect of motivation during the 6-minute walk test in heart failure. METHODS: We studied 12 males, age 45 +/- 12 years, ejection fraction 23 +/- 7%, and functional class III. Patients underwent the following tests: maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on the treadmill (max), cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test with the walking rhythm maintained between relatively easy and slightly tiring (levels 11 and 13 on the Borg scale) (6EB), and cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test using the usual recommendations (6RU). The 6EB and 6RU tests were performed on a treadmill with zero inclination and control of the velocity by the patient. RESULTS: The values obtained in the max, 6EB, and 6RU tests were, respectively, as follows: O2 consumption (ml.kg-1.min-1) 15.4 +/- 1.8, 9.8 +/- 1.9 (60 +/- 10%), and 13.3 +/- 2.2 (90 +/- 10%); heart rate (bpm) 142 +/- 12, 110 +/- 13 (77 +/- 9%), and 126 +/- 11 (89 +/- 7%); distance walked (m) 733 +/- 147, 332 +/- 66, and 470 +/- 48; and respiratory exchange ratio (R) 1.13 +/- 0.06, 0.9 +/- 0.06, and 1.06 +/- 0.12. Significant differences were observed in the values of the variables cited between the max and 6EB tests, the max and 6RU tests, and the 6EB and 6RU tests (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients, who undergo the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test and are motivated to walk as much as they possibly can, usually walk almost to their maximum capacity, which may not correspond to that of their daily activities. The use of the Borg scale during the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test seems to better correspond to the metabolic demand of the usual activities in this group of patients.

Sildenafil effects on exercise, neurohormonal activation, and erectile dysfunction in congestive heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study followed by a prospective treatment for erectile dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). ED reduces quality of life, and it may affect compliance, thereby impairing the success of CHF treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the first phase (fixed-dose double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study), we studied in 23 men with CHF the effects of 50 mg sildenafil on exercise and neurohormonal activation. Patients underwent a treadmill 6-minute cardiopulmonary walking (6'WT) test followed by a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (ET). In the second phase, patients received sildenafil, taken as required for ED. Sildenafil reduced the heart rate (HR) (bpm) before the 6'WT (from 75+/-15 to 71+/-14, P=0.02) and ET (from 75+/-15 to 71+/-15, P=0.02); the systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) before the 6'WT (from 116+/-18 to 108+/-18, P=0.004) and ET (from 116+/-15 to 108+/-17, P=0.001); the diastolic blood pressure before the 6'WT (from 69+/-9 to 63+/-11, P=0.01) and ET (from 70+/-8 to 65+/-10, P=0.004); and the Ve/VCO2 slope during the 6'WT (from 32+/-7 to 31+/-6, P=0.04) and ET (from 33+/-8 to 31+/-5, P=0.03). Sildenafil attenuated the HR increment during the 6'WT (P=0.003) and ET (P=0.000). Sildenafil increased the peak *O2 from 16.6+/-3.4 to 17.7+/-3.4 mL/kg per min (P=0.025) and the exercise time from 12.3+/-3.4 to 13.7+/-3.2 minutes (P=0.003). Sildenafil improved most scores of International Index of Erectile Function. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil was tolerated and effective for ED treatment in CHF, and improved the exercise capacity. The reduction of HR during exercise with sildenafil could theoretically decrease the myocardial oxygen consumption during sexual activity.

Pode o teste ergoespirométrico de caminhada de seis minutos ser representativo das atividades habituais de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca? / Can the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test reproduce the usual activities of patients with heart failure?

OBJECTIVE: The 6-minute walk test is an way of assessing exercise capacity and predicting survival in heart failure. The 6-minute walk test was suggested to be similar to that of daily activities. We investigated the effect of motivation during the 6-minute walk test in heart failure. METHODS: We studied 12 males, age 45±12 years, ejection fraction 23±7 percent, and functional class III. Patients underwent the following tests: maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on the treadmill (max), cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test with the walking rhythm maintained between relatively easy and slightly tiring (levels 11 and 13 on the Borg scale) (6EB), and cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test using the usual recommendations (6RU). The 6EB and 6RU tests were performed on a treadmill with zero inclination and control of the velocity by the patient. RESULTS: The values obtained in the max, 6EB, and 6RU tests were, respectively, as follows: O2 consumption (ml.kg-1.min-1) 15.4±1.8, 9.8±1.9 (60±10 percent), and 13.3±2.2 (90±10 percent); heart rate (bpm) 142±12, 110±13 (77±9 percent), and 126±11 (89±7 percent); distance walked (m) 733±147, 332±66, and 470±48; and respiratory exchange ratio (R) 1.13±0.06, 0.9±0.06, and 1.06±0.12. Significant differences were observed in the values of the variables cited between the max and 6EB tests, the max and 6RU tests, and the 6EB and 6RU tests (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients, who undergo the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test and are motivated to walk as much as they possibly can, usually walk almost to their maximum capacity, which may not correspond to that of their daily activities. The use of the Borg scale during the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test seems to better correspond to the metabolic demand of the usual activities in this group of patients

Mitral valve replacement and remodeling of the left ventricle in dilated cardiomyopathy with mitral regurgitation: initial results.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of a new method of mitral valve replacement on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure functional class. METHODS: Eight patients (6 men) with severe mitral regurgitation from end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy underwent surgery. Five patients were in functional class (FC) IV, 2 were in FC III and 1 was in FC III/IV. Age ranged from 33 to 63 years. Both the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve were divided into hemileaflets. The resultant 4 pedicles were displaced under traction toward the left atrium and anchored between the mitral annulus and an implanted valvular prosthesis. The beating heart facilitated ideal chordae tendineae positioning. RESULTS: All patients survived and were discharged from the hospital. After a mean follow-up period of 6.5 months (1-12 m), 5 patients were in FC I; 2 in FC I/II; and 1 in FC II. The preoperative ejection fraction ranged from 19% to 30% (mean: 25.7 +/- 3.4 %), and the postoperative ejection fraction ranged from 21% to 40% (mean: 31.1 +/- 5.8%). Doppler echocardiography showed evidence of LV remodeling in 4 patients, including lateral wall changes and a tendency of the LV cavity to return to its elliptical shape. CONCLUSION: This technique of mitral valve replacement, involving new positioning of the chordae tendineae, allowed LV remodeling and improvement in FC during this brief follow-up period.

Mitral valve replacement and remodeling of the left ventricle in dilated cardiomyopathy with mitral regurgitation. Initial results

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of a new method of mitral valve replacement on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure functional class. METHODS: Eight patients (6 men) with severe mitral regurgitation from end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy underwent surgery. Five patients were in functional class (FC) IV, 2 were in FC III and 1 was in FC III/IV. Age ranged from 33 to 63 years. Both the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve were divided into hemileaflets. The resultant 4 pedicles were displaced under traction toward the left atrium and anchored between the mitral annulus and an implanted valvular prosthesis. The beating heart facilitated ideal chordae tendineae positioning. RESULTS: All patients survived and were discharged from the hospital. After a mean follow-up period of 6.5 months (1-12 m), 5 patients were in FC I; 2 in FC I/II; and 1 in FC II. The preoperative ejection fraction ranged from 19 percent to 30 percent (mean: 25.7±3.4 percent), and the postoperative ejection fraction ranged from 21 percent to 40 percent (mean: 31.1± 5.8 percent). Doppler echocardiography showed evidence of LV remodeling in 4 patients, including lateral wall changes and a tendency of the LV cavity to return to its elliptical shape. CONCLUSION: This technique of mitral valve replacement, involving new positioning of the chordae tendineae, allowed LV remodeling and improvement in FC during this brief follow-up period

Histoplasmose como complicaçäo infecciosa tardia após transplante cardíaco em portador de doença de Chagas / Histoplasmosis as a late infectious complication following heart transplantation in a patient with Chagas' disease

Infectious complications following heart transplantation are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Generally, bacterial infections are predominant; however, fungal infections can be responsible for up to 25 percent of infectious events. We report the case of a patient who presented with histoplasmosis as an infectious complication five years after heart transplantation due to a chagasic cardiopathy. This association has rarely been reported in the international literature

Diagnóstico não-invasivo da doença vascular do enxerto após transplante cardíaco / Noninvasive diagnosis of allograft vascular disease after heart transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive values of noninvasive tests for the detection of allograft vascular disease. METHODS: We studied 39 patients with mean ages of 48Ý13 years and a follow-up period of 86Ý13 months. The diagnosis of allograft vascular disease was made by cine-coronary arteriography, and it was considered as positive if lesions existed that caused > or = 50 percent obstruction of the lumen. Patients underwent 24h Holter monitoring, thallium scintigraphy, a treadmill stress test, and dobutamine stress echocardiography. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined in percentages for each method, as compared with the cine-coronary arteriography results. RESULTS: Allograft vascular disease was found in 15 (38 percent) patients. The Holter test showed 15.4 percent sensitivity, 95.5 percent specificity...

Analise dos fatores de risco da doença vascular do enxerto em pacientes assintomáticos após transplante cardíaco / Analysis of the risk factors for allograft vasculopathy in asymptomatic patients after cardiac transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of immune and nonimmune risk factors on the development of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. METHODS: We studied 39 patients with a mean age of 46 + or - 12 years. The following variables were analyzed: weight (kg), body mass index (kg/m²), donor's age and sex, rejection episodes in the first and second years after transplantation, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (mmHg), total cholesterol and fractions (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), diabetes, and cytomegalovirus infection. The presence of allograft vasculopathy was established through coronary angiography. RESULTS: Allograft vasculopathy was observed in 15 (38 percent) patients. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in regard to hypertension, cytomegalovirus infection, diabetes, donor's sex and age, rejection episodes in the first and second years after transplantation, and cholesterol levels. We observed a tendency toward higher levels of triglycerides in the group with disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed statistically significant differences between the two groups when we analyzed the body mass index (24.53 + or - 4.3 versus 28.11 + or - 4.6; p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Body mass index was an important marker of allograft vasculopathy in the population studied

Uso de marcapasso provisório e definitivo em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco ortotópico / Permanent and temporary pacemaker implantation after orthotopic heart transplantation

PURPOSE:To determine the indication for and incidence and evolution of temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation in cardiac transplant recipients. METHODS: A retrospective review of 114 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation InCor (Heart Institute USP BR) between March 1985 and May 1993. We studied the incidence of and indication for temporary pacing, the relationship between pacing and rejection, the need for pemanent pacing and the clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Fourteen of 114 (12 per cent) heart transplant recipients required temporary pacing and 4 of 114 (3.5 per cent) patients required permanent pacing. The indication for temporary pacing was sinus node dysfunction in 11 patients (78.5 per cent) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 3 patients (21.4 per cent). The indication for permanent pacemaker implantation was sinus node dysfunction in 3 patients (75 per cent) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 1 patient (25 per cent). We observed rejection in 3 patients (21.4 per cent) who required temporary pacing and in 2 patients (50 per cent) who required permanent pacing. The previous use of amiodarone was observed in 10 patients (71.4 per cent) with temporary pacing. Seven of the 14 patients (50 per cent) died during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Sinus node dysfunction was the principal indication for temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation in cardiac transplant recipients. The need for pacing was related to worse prognosis after cardiac transplantation.

Tratamento ambulatorial de rejeiçäo persistente com methotrexate em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco estáveis clinicamente / Treatment of persistent rejection with methotrexate in stable patients submmitted to heart transplantation

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the use of methotrexate for the treatment of recurrent rejection in heart transplant recipients. METHODS: We studied 6 patients submitted to heart transplantation that showed rejection grade ü 3A (ISHLT) in two consecutives endomyocardial biopsy specimens. The dose was 11.26ñ3.75mg/week. The evaluated data were: ventricular function, endomyocardial biopsy, white cell count and number of rejection episodes before and after methotrexate administration. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the number of rejection episodes (5.17ñ1.47 before methotrexate; 2.33ñ1.75 after 6 months and 3.17ñ2.99 after 12 months of treatment, p=0.0193). The ventricular function was normal with ejection fraction of 76.5ñ4.80 before and 75.6ñ4.59 after methotrexate (p=0.4859). One patient did not finish the treatment because he showed signs of rejection associated with severe pericardial effusion. Five patients had a reduction in the white cell count (8,108ñ23.72 before and 5650ñ1350 after methotrexate, p=0.0961). One pulmonary infection with complete resolution after antibiotic treatment was observed. CONCLUSION: Methotrexate in low doses is an effective adjunct therapy in the treatment of recurrent rejection after heart transplantation.

Exercício e insuficiência cardíaca. Estudo da relaçäo da gravidade da doença com o limiar anaeróbico e o ponto de compensaçäo respiratório / Exercise and heart failure. Relation of the severity of the disease to the anaerobic threshould and the respiratory compensation point

OBJECTIVE - To identify, the anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point in patients with heart failure. METHODS - The study comprised 42 Men,divided according to the functional class (FC) as follows: group I (GI) - 15 patients in FC I; group II (GII) - 15 patients in FC II; and group III (GIII) - 12 patients in FC III. Patients underwent a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test, where the expired gases were analyzed. RESULTS - The values for the heart rate (in bpm) at the anaerobic threshold were the following: GI, 122_27; GII, 117_17; GIII, 114_22. At the respiratory compensation point, the heart rates (in bpm) were as follows: GI, 145_33; GII, 133_14; GIII 123_22. The values for the heart rates at the respiratory compensation point in GI and GIII showed statistical difference. The values of oxygen consumption (VO2) at the anaerobic threshold were the following (in ml/kg/min): GI, 13.6_3.25; GII, 10.77_1.89; GIII, 8.7_1.44 and, at the respiratory compensation point, they were as follows: GI, 19.1_2.2; GII, 14.22_2.63; GIII, 10.27_1.85. CONCLUSION - Patients with stable functional class I, II, and III heart failure reached the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point at different levels of oxygen consumption and heart rate. The role played by these thresholds in physical activity for this group of patients needs to be better clarified

Hormônio do crescimento na otimizaçäo do tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca refratária / Growth hormone for optimization of refractory heart failure treatment

It has been reported that growth hormone may benefit selected patients with congestive heart failure. A 63-year-old man with refractory congestive heart failure waiting for heart transplantation, depending on intravenous drugs (dobutamine) and presenting with progressive worsening of the clinical status and cachexia, despite standard treatment, received growth hormone replacement (8 units per day) for optimization of congestive heart failure management. Increase in both serum growth hormone levels (from 0.3 to 0.8 mg/l) and serum IGF-1 levels (from 130 to 300ng/ml) was noted, in association with clinical status improvement, better optimization of heart failure treatment and discontinuation of dobutamine infusion. Left ventricular ejection fraction (by MUGA) increased from 13 percent to 18 percent and to 28 percent later, in association with reduction of pulmonary pressures and increase in exercise capacity (rise in peak VO2to 13.4 and to 16.2ml/kg/min later). The patient was"de-listed" for heart transplantation. Growth hormone may benefit selected patients with refractory heart failure

Efeitos do carvedilol (Bloqueador beta 1, Beta 2, alfa), na insuficiência cardíaca refratária / Effects of carvedilol (beta 1, beta 2, alpha 1 bloker) on refractory congestive heart failure

Objetivo - Os efeitos dos Beta-bloqueadores n insuficiência cardiaca (IC) refratária näo tem sido adequadamente estudados. Investigamos os efeitos do caverdilol (Bloqueador Beta1, Beta2, Alfa) nos sintomas e na funçäo ventricular de portadores de IC refratária. Métodos - Foram estudados 21 pacientes, idade média de 56/10 anos, 9 em classe funcional (CF) IV, e 12 em CF III intermitente com IV. A dose inicial de carvedilol foi de 6,25mg e, se tolerada, aumentada progressivamente. A dose média final foi 42/11mg. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliaçöes clínicas e eletrocardiográficas seriadas. realizaram-se, antes e com 196/60 dias de evoluçäo, ecocardiograma e ventriculografia radioisotópica. Resultados - O medicamento foi tolerado em (76 por cento ) pacientes. Um paciente está em fase de titulaçäo em CF II. Com 196/60dias de evoluçäo observaram-se 8 pacientes em CF I e 7 em II; reduçäo da frequencia cardiaca de 96/15 para 67/10bpm (p<0,001); reduçäo do diametro diastólicofinal do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) de 73/13 para 66/12mm (ecocardiograma) (p<0,009); e aumento da fraçäo de ejeçäo de VE de 0,21/0,06 para 0,34/0,12 (p<0,003). Conclusäo - O carvedilol aos seus efeitos beneficos na funçäo ventricular ; remodelamento do CF é, se tolerado, uma potencial alternativa terapêutica no tratamento medicamentoso da IC refratária. Entretanto, estudos adicionais säo necessários para definiçäo do efeito a longo prazo neste específico subgrupo de pacientes.

Aspectos radiológicos da endomiocardiofibrose / Radiological findings in endomyocardial fibrosis

PURPOSE: To determine through conventional radiology the type of ventricular involvement in endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). METHODS: We analyzed 56 cases with EMF confirmed by angiocardiography and 9 by postmortem study, aged between 16 and 56 years (mean 32); there were 42 females. Only one radiologist analyzed X-rays without any knowledge of the cineangiography findings. RESULTS: The right side of the heart was primarily involved in 9 patients and the cardiac silhouette was characteristically globular and had oligemic pulmonary fields (66.66). The cardiothoracic ratio was 0.62 +/- 0.11. Out of 9 patients, 8 were female. The left side of the heart was established as being primarily involved in 11 cases and simulated rheumatic mitral disease. The cardiothoracic ratio was 0.51 +/- 0.09 and there were increased pulmonary fields in 63.6. The biventricular disease occurred in 36 cases. There were radiologic findings of right and left side. The cardiothoracic ratio was 0.63 +/- 0.06 and there was oligemic pulmonary fields in 38.8, increased pulmonary fields in 33.3and was normal in 27.7. There were 4:1 females. CONCLUSION: The radiological study is fundamental in the initial diagnosis of EMF. The type of involvement could be done in 66.07of all cases by chest X-ray.

Bloqueio divisional ântero-medial intermitente em paciente com insuficiência coronária / Intermittent antero-medial divisional block in patients with coronary disease

We report the case of a 69 year-old male who developed congestive heart failure functional class IV (NYHA). The admission electrocardiogram (EKG) revealed sinus rhythm, PR interval of 240 ms, QRS interval of 110 ms, the QRS vector of 0 degree, Q waves from V1 to V6, tall R waves from V1 to V4 that decreased to V5 and V6. The vectocardiogram had anteriorization of the electrical forces of QRS, with vector half area in the horizontal plane at +60 degrees. After two years the patient had a myocardial infarction, the EKG at the admission had the same pattern and after two days developed important changes: enlargement of QRS interval with length of 160 ms, QRS vector of +100 degrees, R waves at D2, D3 e AVF that increase from D2 to D3, QS at D1, AVL, AVR and V1, rS at V2 and V3, R wave is notched and thickened+ at V5 and V6, that return to the initial pattern after one day. The patient progressed to death in the eighth day after infarction. This case reported a intermitent pattern of EKG that is an uncontestable proof to the existence of the left middle fascicular block.

Palpitações persistentes após ablação por cateter com radiofreqüência / Persistence of Palpitations After Successful Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and the underlying mechanism of persistent palpitations after successful radiofrequency ablation of reentrant nodal tachycardia and atrioventricular tachycardia. METHODS: One hundred twenty consecutive patients (mean age of 36 +/- 16 years) who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular or reentrant nodal tachycardia constituted the analyzed group. Prevalence of palpitations was investigated during out-clinic visits and telephone interviews. Patients complaining of palpitations were divided in 2 groups: 1) those in whom palpitations lasted more than 30 seconds, and 2) those in whom the paroxysms lasted < 30 seconds (group II). All patients underwent clinical evaluation, ECG and Holter monitoring. Transesophageal atrial pacing and electrophysiologic stimulation were carried out when judged necessary. RESULTS: During a follow up period of 9 +/- 4 months, 52 patients complained of palpitations. In 31 group I patients, palpitations were related to ventricular and atrial premature beats as shown during Holter monitoring. In group II patients, eight had recurrence, five presented a new arrhythmia not recognized previously to the ablative procedure and two patients had their symptoms related to arrhythmias recognized before ablation but taken as asymptomatic. The mechanism of palpitations was not identified in six patients. CONCLUSION: Palpitations may persist in 43of patients who undergo radiofrequency ablation to treat reentrant nodal tachycardia and atrioventricular tachycardia. Recurrence and treatment are more likely when palpitations last longer than 30 seconds.